As is known, the development of bridges is in line with the development of human civilization. But it is not an easy thing and requires a long process to achieve the bridge structure as it exists today. The history of bridges begins with a "cut and try" process and then developed using empirical methods along with thoughts on knowledge of the materials that make up bridges.
The thinking of ancient civilizations has been a very valuable contribution to bridge technology. Ancient humans crossed rivers by installing stone pillars, logs, or fallen trees over very short spans. Ancient humans also used tree roots or branches as suspension bridges to hang from one tree to another.
The ancient type of bridge was a simple beam bridge, and was used only for short spans. However, in this era the arch bridge type was also found, even though the shape and construction materials were still relatively simple.
Over time, the era of iron and steel bridges was in line with the industrial revolution. In this era, iron bridges were built using curved principles, especially for road bridges, but in this era cantilevers were used in their construction. In this era, bridges use a variety of steel structural components and systems: decks, girders, trusses, arches, supports and cable hangers.
Bridges as a means of transportation have an important role in the smooth movement of traffic. Where the function of a bridge is to connect transportation routes or routes that are separated by rivers, swamps, lakes, straits, canals, highways, railways and other crossings.
Apart from that, the construction of bridges, which are one of the complementary road buildings which have a very vital function and role in supporting the smooth flow of transportation, is also an important need for the community. By building bridge infrastructure, the rate of economic growth in the community will accelerate because the flow of goods in and out, both agricultural products produced and goods needed by the community that must be imported from outside the region, will be delivered more quickly.
Initially, bridges were only used to connect two separate places over a relatively short distance. As it develops, bridges can be used to connect separate places at long distances, even across the sea. With the increase in technology and supporting facilities such as computers, space is no longer an obstacle.
From an economic perspective, bridges can reduce transportation costs. And in terms of time efficiency, the existence of a bridge can shorten travel time on separate land trips so that it can improve the community's economy.
5 Common Types of Bridge Construction
1. Truss Bridge
Truss Bridge is a bridge whose construction is stronger because it uses a triangular truss frame. Even though they are not embedded in the ground, the bridge pillars are stiffer because of the triangular shape that connects one pillar to another. Apart from that, the diagonal lines on the bridge pillars also function to transfer the load to a wider area, so that the load does not gather at one point.
2. Beam Bridge
Also known as a grider bridge, this construction design is the simplest way to make a bridge. Generally, this bridge is straight horizontal, with vertical pillars as pillars to strengthen it. Usually, piles are made of steel or concrete that are driven into the ground. Beam bridge construction is commonly used to connect two areas that are relatively close. For example, areas separated by rivers.
3. Arch Bridge
Arch or what in English means arch is a bridge that is made curved like an arrow. Even though construction saves more material (it doesn't require a lot of material), in terms of durability, this design is stronger than beams or trusses.
4. Cable Stayed Bridge
Cable-stayed bridges use cables as supporting elements for the traffic floor. In cable-stayed cables, the cable is directly supported by the tower.
5. Cable-stayed Bridge
A cable-stayed bridge is a continuous girder with one or more towers installed on the bridge pillars in the middle of the span. Cable-stayed bridges have a relatively low center of mass position so that this type of bridge is very good for use in areas with an earthquake risk and is used for varying span lengths of 100 – 600 meters.
6. Suspension Bridge
Suspension Bridge means a suspension bridge. The basic structural system of a suspension bridge is in the form of a main cable that carries a suspension bridge. Bridge traffic floors are usually not connected directly to the pillars, because the principle of supporting the girder lies in the cables.
References:
https://dpupkp.slemankab.go.id/sejarah-perkembangan-jembatan.slm
https://pupr.ngawikab.go.id/pengertian-dan-jenis-konstruksi-jembatan/
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