DATA COLLECTION
DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURES
This text focused on issues that require special attention in
discourse analysis. We first consider procedures for obtaining data (making
recordings, finding records and recordings, interviews, and experiments) and
then discuss issues of sample selection and size.
Discourse recordings
We consider here the major nontheoretical issues
involved in making audio and video recordings of discourse. There are a variety
of technical issues to be considered. Except for research involving telephone
calls, it must be decided whether the recording will include both audio and
video channels. The choice will depend in the first instance on the research
question and on the extent to which the analysis needs to consider information
that would be excluded from an audiotape. A videotape is clearly required if
one is concerned with the coordination of discourse with other activities, for
example, with the performance of a (nonverbal) task or with features that are
only available on video (e.g., facial expression).
It
should be remembered correctly by the interviewer that the interview with a
respondent is only done once. This means that the interviewer should be really
good record with the respondent's answer (correct and complete). Most Ideally,
an interviewer assisted by another person whose job is to record the
respondents' answers. If it is not possible to attempt the respondents' answers
were recorded by electronic recording device (tape recorder). If these two
issues can not be done then the interviewer should be able to record their own
answers to the respondent.
Generally, allow respondents to
answer questions, and the interviewer immediately recorded everything he said.
If there is any word or phrase that is less obvious then the interviewer can
ask respondents to explain or rephrase this sentence. To be recorded relatively
complete answers will manage to get the interviewer to have abbreviations,
punctuation, or other certain incomprehensible. To make sure whether the note
is true or in accordance with what is meant by the respondents, it never hurts
to say re the essence of the respondent's answer by the interviewer.
Archives
An archive is a place
where people go to find information. But rather than gathering information from
books as you would in a library, people who do research in archives often
gather firsthand facts, data, and evidence from letters, reports, notes, memos,
photographs, audio and video recordings, and other primary sources.
The term Archives is used here in an abroad sense.
Public and university libraries are obvious places to look for magazines,
newspapers, journals, books, and so on, but they may also have collections of
films, including documentaries. Documentaries are useful because they often
contain different types of discourse pertaining to the same topic, for example,
interviews, speeches, and conversations. Libraries also include collections of
letters as well as documents from various government departments. The libraries
maintained by radio and television stations may include documentaries and
recordings of drama, comedy, news, public affairs, and talk shows, and they may
thus provide access to debates, question-and-answer sessions, quasi-everyday
conversations, and so forth. Such libraries may also include records in the
form of script and documents. Government departments are an obvious source of
written documents (policy, legal statutes, etc.), but they may also provide
recordings of conversations (e.g., emergency calls, telephone inquires). Private
companies and organizations, air lines, dispute resolution, services) may be
willing to make available copies of correspondence or of audiotapes of telephone calls, because the
work of a discourse analyst can supplement their own analyses and may potentially
improve their procedures in various ways.
Whether or not you realize it, you probably have
an archives in your home. It might be in a filing cabinet in the study, a
boxing the basement, a chest in thematic – or even in all three. This is your
personal archives: a collection of material that records important events from
your family’s history. Believe it or not, there are similarities between your
family’s archives and local, state, or national archives. All save items to
serve as proof that an event occurred, to explain how something happened, or
for financial or sentimental reasons. All types of archives may be stored in
more than one location. And both personal archives and larger archives save a
variety of materials that can range from letters, to photographs, to films, to
databases, to official documents, and more.................................................................................................................
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