Cambridge Complete IELTS (Ebooks & Audio CDs)

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The development of globalization has facilitated the opportunity for individuals worldwide to relocate to various nations, whether it be for residential, occupational, or educational purposes. Fluency in the language spoken in the country is crucial when it comes to migrating and entering a foreign nation. Evidence of linguistic competence may be necessary to demonstrate an individual's ability to communicate in the language spoken in the country they are visiting. IELTS is widely acknowledged as evidence of English language competency in numerous English-speaking nations.

Currently, there is an observable surge in the quantity of Indonesian students pursuing education overseas. In Australia, specifically, there were a total of 8748 Indonesian students, according to the Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia in 2016. The tendency emerged as a consequence of the financial sponsorships offered in Indonesia to equip the younger generation with the means to pursue higher education in prestigious colleges worldwide.

However, in certain instances, the mandate for a standardized language competency examination can provide difficulties for Indonesian prospective candidates. Essentially, individuals have the chance to pursue education in a foreign country due to the abundance of scholarships offered by both the government and the host nation. However, fulfilling the language competence criteria, specifically the IELTS exam, can pose a challenge. There are likely other factors contributing to the difficulties Indonesian students have with the IELTS exam. Initially, individuals are inadequately equipped to handle a rigorous assessment framework like IELTS while pursuing their English education at school or university.

The value of IELTS test for students:

As a potential international student, it is crucial for you to showcase your ability in the English language as a requirement for the university admission procedure. It is important to note that various English language assessments may be required for admission. Given the multitude of choices, one may question the distinguishing factors and the reasons behind the widespread popularity of IELTS. We are here to address these inquiries and provide comprehensive explanations regarding the advantages of taking an IELTS examination.

The global recognition that IELTS receives is one of the primary factors contributing to its status as the most widely accepted English language test worldwide. The test is recognized and approved by more than 10,000 organizations across around 140 nations. Over three million individuals, including international students and others seeking to relocate to another country, take this annually.

The IELTS test possesses a distinct edge over other English language tests, such as TOEFL, due to a significant rationale. Immigration agencies universally recognize IELTS as proof of proficiency in the English language. It is imperative to consider this aspect while submitting a visa application, as well as when applying to a university. Significantly, it is the preferred examination for nations such as the United Kingdom, Canada, the United States, Australia, and New Zealand.

Intelligent Business Elementary, Pre-Intermediate and Intermediate by Pearson Longman (Coursebook and CD-ROM)

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Business English abilities are essential for progressing in your profession. If you want to work efficiently in an international context, you need improve your business English vocabulary and knowledge. Overall, it will open many doors and provide new professional prospects.

There is a diverse selection of English language courses available in the market. All of these can help you improve your English language skills. However, business English is a subset of English that concentrates on the corporate language that is most widely employed in the business world. It is part of the international business community's skill sets.

Business English classes cover vocabulary and phrases used in business and professional settings, business writing, presenting presentations, expressing viewpoints, bargaining, describing graphs and charts, and conducting and participating in meetings. Furthermore, business English includes topics such as teamwork, business travel, relationship building, and job interview preparation.

Obviously, you may choose specialized business English classes that focus on specific fields such as law, finance, marketing and advertising, trade, politics, logistics, tourism, and medicine. After completing a broad business English course, the majority of students choose to specialize in a specific business field.

Learning business English will allow you to improve your existing English skills as well as gain new knowledge. You will study vocabulary and expressions unique to your branch, as well as how to compose business communication and perform other practical work-related tasks. You will also have the opportunity to improve your general English skills, such as grammar and pronunciation. Furthermore, the practice and interaction activities in a business English course will help you gain confidence when speaking English. You will be able to hold a conversation about both general and business themes.

We live in a world that is becoming increasingly globalized, interconnected, and communicative. There are economic relationships between organizations from all over the world, thus the need to communicate in a common language is obvious. While studying business English, you will discover how international firms work together, conduct business, and form professional relationships. Simultaneously, strengthening your business English abilities can have a significant impact on your future job, helping you to develop more quickly than you ever imagined.

General Information:

Prepare your students for the world of business with Intelligent Business. Using authentic materials from The Economist magazine, Intelligent Business covers key business concepts within a comprehensive business English syllabus.

• Teach engaging lessons using the Teacher’s Book, which has resources for the Coursebook and Workbook as well as the Skills Book and Video.

• Get all the test material you could ever need using the Teacher’s Book and Test Master CD-ROM, with fully editable tests for all stages of the course.

Bahasa Inggris: Komunikasi Interpersonal dan Transaksional

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Puja dan puji syukur kami haturkan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, karena atas berkat rahmat-Nyalah buku dengan judul Bahasa Inggris: Komunikasi Interpersonal Dan Transaksional dapat selesai disusun dan berhasil diterbitkan. Kehadiran Buku Bahasa Inggris: Komunikasi Interpersonal Dan Transaksional ini disusun oleh para akademisi dan praktisi dalam bentuk buku kolaborasi. Walaupun jauh dari kesempurnaan, tetapi kami mengharapkan buku ini dapat dijadikan referensi atau bacaan serta rujukan bagi akademisi ataupun para profesional mengenal Bahasa Inggris: Komunikasi Interpersonal Dan Transaksional.

Sistematika penulisan buku ini diuraikan dalam sebelas bab yang memuat tentang pentingnya komunikasi interpersonal dalam mewujudkan Pendidikan yang berkualitas, keterampilan berbicara, keterampilan menulis, keterampilan nonverbal, keterampilan presentasi, komunikasi dalam kelompok, negosiasi dan penyelesaian konflik, komunikasi dalam bisnis, etika komunikasi, komunikasi dalam hubungan romantic dan komunikasi dalam keluarga.

Ucapan terima kasih yang tak terhingga kepada seluruh pihak yang telah berkontribusi penuh dalam seluruh rangkaian penyusunan sampai penerbitan buku ini. Secara khusus, terima kasih kami sampaikan kepada Intelektual Manifes Media (Infes Media) sebagai inisiator buku ini. Buku ini tentunya banyak kekurangan dan keterbatasan, saran dari pembaca sekalian sangat berarti demi perbaikan karya selanjutnya. Akhir kata, semoga buku ini bisa bermanfaat bagi para pembaca.

Buku dengan judul Bahasa Inggris: Komunikasi Interpersonal Dan Transaksional dapat selesai disusun dan berhasil diterbitkan. Kehadiran Buku Bahasa Inggris: Komunikasi Interpersonal Dan Transaksional ini disusun oleh para akademisi dan praktisi dalam bentuk buku kolaborasi. Walaupun jauh dari kesempurnaan, tetapi kami mengharapkan buku ini dapat dijadikan referensi atau bacaan serta rujukan bagi akademisi ataupun para profesional mengenal Bahasa Inggris: Komunikasi Interpersonal Dan Transaksional. Sistematika penulisan buku ini diuraikan dalam sebelas bab yang memuat tentang pentingnya komunikasi interpersonal dalam mewujudkan Pendidikan yang berkualitas, keterampilan berbicara, keterampilan menulis, keterampilan nonverbal, keterampilan presentasi, komunikasi dalam kelompok, negosiasi dan penyelesaian konflik, komunikasi dalam bisnis, etika komunikasi, komunikasi dalam hubungan romantic dan komunikasi dalam keluarga.

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Cambridge Preparation for the TOEFL® Test (CD-ROM and Book)

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The Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) is a measure of English proficiency for students studying abroad.  This test is developed and managed by ETS (Educational Testing Services), a non-profit organisation based in New Jersey, USA. This test can be administered on paper, computer, or internet. TOEFL is a widely used international test. Accepted and recognised by over 10,000 institutions and educational agents in 130 countries (www.ets.org).

Indonesia, with the world's fourth-largest population, is a possible market for this test. Students seeking to study abroad strive to acquire the necessary scores for acceptance at their desired colleges or universities. To get the desired TOEFL score, private and state-owned institutions adapt their preparatory courses accordingly. Most Indonesian education institutions set admittance standards for postgraduate programmes at 500 or above, without taking into account students' communication skills. This suggests that the TOEFL preparation course has not yet prioritised students' English communication skills.

E-learning uses the internet to connect teachers and students. E-learning technologies can facilitate the implementation and study of the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL). This technology allows students to learn TOEFL anywhere and at any time, helping them improve their scores.

The Cambridge Preparation for the TOEFL®Test includes skill-building and practice tests to help learners succeed on the Test of English as a Foreign Language. This comprehensive test-preparation course is ideal for classroom use and self-study. The third edition includes a CD-ROM component containing seven complete practice tests. The tests may be taken in study mode, which generates feedback on their responses, or in test mode, which simulates the experience of taking the exam by computer. The text provides a complete tutorial and a wealth of new activities to introduce students to the new computer formats and activity types. More than 200 exercises fully updated for the new exam, 6 hours of listening material, a complete grammar review, and a mini-writing course are also provided.

The Cambridge Preparation for the TOEFL Test, Fourth Edition, helps students master the language skills they need to succeed on the TOEFL iBT and communicate effectively in an academic setting.

The Cambridge Preparation for the TOEFL Test, Fourth Edition, helps students master the language skills they need to succeed on the TOEFL iBT and communicate effectively in an academic setting. Using an integrated-skills approach that mirrors the structure of the TOEFL iBT, this fully revised text is ideal for classroom use and self-study. The book contains hundreds of skill-building exercises covering all the question types in the exam, and four practice tests. A supporting skills section is provided to improve grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, and study skills.Online, students can take the book tests and three additional practice tests in format that simulates the TOEFL iBT. The audio program, available on Audio CD or Audio Cassette, contains conversations and lectures for all listening exercises and test questions.

Key features:

• Hundreds of skill-building exercises, numerous test-taking strategies, and frequent progress checks help students succeed on the TOEFL® iBT.

• Seven practice tests, delivered online, help prepare students for the online test.

Kaplan TOEFL iBT with CD-ROM and Ebook

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Recognised by more than 10,000 colleges, universities and agencies, TOEFL® is the world's most popular English language test. We'll help you build the advanced English skills and sophisticated exam technique you need to succeed, with tailored classes exploring the structure of the exam and full-length practice tests. 

Our TOEFL preparation courses will leave you ready to face the Internet-Based Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL iBT®) in full confidence. Our standard TOEFL course offers you a balance of specialized study and free time, while our Intensive TOEFL program provides extra Specific Skills lessons and additional practice tests.

• Students unable to attend a live course could instead enroll in Kaplan’s TOEFL® Online Course.

• Improve your TOEFL score by at least 5 points within 8 weeks*

• An internationally recognized TOEFL® iBT

• Prepare for university in the USA or Canada

• Benefit from expert instruction, exclusive course materials, and a curriculum developed by Kaplan, the world leader in TOEFL iBT® preparation

• Enhance your CV and chance for professional success in the future

• Receive an accredited Kaplan International Languages Certificate of Achievement with language level and attendance

The TOEFL iBT tests your abilities in Reading, Writing, Listening, and Speaking. Kaplan’s TOEFL iBT with CD-ROM presents the most important language skills and strategies you need to succeed on this test. The TOEFL is required worldwide for international students who want to study abroad.

Kaplan’s comprehensive guide gives you exactly what you will need to get ready for test day, including:

• 4 full-length practice tests on CD-ROM with detailed answer explanations

• Focused practice for each section of the test

• Listening practice on CD-ROM, with complete transcripts in the book

• Exclusive score-raising tips and strategies for each language skill: Reading, Writing, Listening, and Speaking

• Effective study tips for advanced ESL students

Longman Preparation Course for the TOEFL Test: Next Generation (iBT) (CD-ROM and Ebook)

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TOEFL exam scores are based on the results of three sections: hearing comprehension, structure and writing expression, and reading comprehension. This test is commonly used at most colleges to assess students' English competence.

Listening is the hardest element for EFL students to complete out of the three. As a result, they must be strategic when listening to longer and more varied sections; also, they should be accustomed to listening to both dialogues and monologues on the TOEFL. When listening to monologues, the listener should "process long stretches of speech without interruption-the stream of speech will go on whether or not the hearer comprehends" and identify the 'interpersonal and transactional' features from listening to dialogues. 

Furthermore, listening to natives necessitates some strategic ways of comprehension, which many students frequently struggle with; thus, EFL teachers could facilitate and train students to cope with some learning materials, time management, media, and the gradual teaching listening should be from "basic to more complex". As a result, it is vital to carefully plan the listening activities as one progresses to more intricate operations. Using 'new tactics' can improve teaching and learning.

General Information:

Longman Preparation Course for the TOEFLA (R) Test: Next Generation (IBT), a book/CD-ROM package written by Deborah Phillips, gives students all the tools they need to succeed on the new TOEFLA (R) integrated-skills test. Providing both a comprehensive language skills course and a wealth of practice for all sections of the test, the Longman Preparation Course is appropriate for courses in TOEFLA (R) Test preparation or as a supplement to more general English courses. Note: You must have the audio program to use the listening material (the Skills Practice, the Mini-Tests, and the Complete Tests) in the textbook. Click here to order the audio program (on CD or audiocassette). 

The Student Book features: 

Authentic material for all the new types of passages and questions on the test. 

Diagnostic pre-tests and post-tests that allow students to identify strengths and weaknesses and assess improvement in each section. 

Practice sections for the four skills: 

• Reading provides practice exercises in the new test formats, including filling in a table or chart and paraphrasing. 

• Listening provides authentic conversations between two people in an academic setting and academic lectures with new questions about a speaker's attitude or purpose.

• Speaking includes personal and expository tasks and integrated tasks.

• Writing consists of expository and integrated tasks: reading/listening/writing.

• Eight mini-tests that preview the test's integrated four-skills format. 

• Two complete practice tests that familiarize students with the actual test format and timing.

The CD-ROM features: 

• Completely different material from the Student Book. 

• Practice sections for all parts of the test, including speaking.

• Eight mini-tests, and two complete tests. 

Longman Preparation Course for The TOEFL Test - The Paper Test (With CD-ROM and Audios)

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Almost all universities require graduating students to undergo English proficiency examinations to assess their ability to master the language. Hughes (2003) noted that proficiency exams are used to assess people's abilities in a language even if they have been trained in it. Furthermore, several overseas universities require students who wish to enroll to complete English proficiency tests such as IELTS and TOEFL. Furthermore, students seeking scholarships may be required to submit an IELTS or TOEFL score with a specific passing grade.

Deborah Phillips' Longman Preparation Course for the TOEFL test is a popular TOEFL course book. This book is meant to help students prepare for the TOEFL test in paper format. The TOEFL paper-based test includes listening comprehension, structure, written expression, and reading comprehension. This book includes diagnostic pre-tests, TOEFL post-tests, and exercises in both non-TOEFL and TOEFL formats. This book also includes skills and methods, as well as clearly defined actions to help pupils enhance their test performance. The entire examinations, which are offered in paper format, allow students to simulate the experience of taking actual TOEFL tests, with all sections combined into one whole test.

This book/CD-ROM package gives students all the tools they need to succeed on the TOEFL® paper-based test. Providing both a comprehensive language skills course and a wealth of practice for all sections of the paper test, the Longman Preparation Course is appropriate for courses in TOEFL® test preparation or as a supplement to more general ESL courses.

In the Student Book:

• Complete language skills instruction for skills tested on both the TOEFL® paper test and the Test of Written English.

• Longer reading passages that reflect the latest testing format. Diagnostic pre-tests and evaluation post-tests for each section that allow students to identify their strengths and weaknesses.

• Practice exercises for each of the language skills that maximize understanding and retention.

• Five complete Practice Tests that familiarize students with the actual test format and timing.

In the CD-ROM:

• An additional 1,450 test questions in both practice sections and three more simulated tests.

• Pop-up explanations to enhance understanding.

• Easy-to-use scoring and record keeping to monitor progress.

A separate audio program -- available on your choice of cassettes or CDs -- includes the complete materials from the Listening Comprehension section and Complete Tests in the text.

Longman Student CD ROM For the TOEFL Test can be an effective and fun TOEFL learning medium as well as helping to understand the types of problems that are usually tested on the TOEFL Test.

Software in this CD-ROM (Longman Student CD-ROM for The TOEFL Test: The Paper Test) includes:

1. Skill Practices:

Listening Comprehension Practices.

Structure and Written Expression practices.

Reading Comprehension Practices, and

Test Of Written English Practices.

2. Tests

Listening Comprehension Tests.

Structure and Written Expression Tests.

English for Civil Engineering: Measurements in Civil Engineering

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Civil Engineering measurements have now become an important part of modern society. In fact, it has become one of the fields that many students are interested in. Because there are many benefits such as being able to build construction, roads and many other things.

In the field of engineering, especially civil engineering, measuring an area is very important. This aims to determine the physical condition of the surface of the area. For example, to find out the difference in height and low in an area where a highway is planned to be built, careful measurements must be taken first. From here it is finally known which parts need to be excavated or buried. If this is not done, the highway will have a shape that is too winding, climbing and descending. This obviously increases the cost of transporting a vehicle, as well as increasing costs for materials and equipment. In this kind of measurement, the tools used are usually a theodolite, spirit level, rolling meter, and so on.

The vast expanse of the earth's surface has an irregular shape, resulting in problems in being able to determine the shape of the relief from the ground surface. Thus, finally, thanks to the tenacity of scientists, a science emerged relating to this problem, namely the science of Geodesy.

Geodesy is a science that is used to determine the shape (form) and size of part or all of the land surface in order to depict it. Meanwhile, land surveying is only a small part of the science of geodesy. The science of geodesy has two purposes, namely:

1. Scientific purpose: determining the shape of the earth's surface.

2. Practical purpose: to make a shadow, which is called map science, of a large or small part of the earth's surface.

Examples of tools used in measurements in the field of Civil Engineering are:

1. Water level

2. Roll meters

3. Measuring tank

4. Stakes

5. Other tools

Understanding Land Measurement in Civil Engineering

For those who are still unfamiliar with this matter, the science of land measurement is actually a branch of Geodesy which specifically studies a small part of the earth's surface. In practice, you can use various survey methods to get final results in the form of accurate maps. In simple terms, in the world of services we can call it a mapping service.

Geodesy itself covers many things, not only measuring the area of land on land, but also water areas in the form of seas, rivers, lakes and others. Describes the topography in the depths of water, analyses decision making and statistical calculations.

Various Types of Civil Engineering Measurement Sciences Based on Elements

Apart from the various methods that can be used to measure land, there are also groupings in the category of measuring science which are divided into several fields, the classification is based on the coverage of elements that exist in nature. Here's the review:

1. Land Surveying

Land surveying or what is often called land measurement. Things included in this group are topography and cadastral measurements. Both have their respective roles and different subjects.

Topography itself is a method used to measure land using natural or artificial marks on the land and to determine the topography down to the smallest detail. Meanwhile, cadaster is a land parcel information administration system.

2. Water Surveying

Next is marine or hydrographic or what is more often called water measurements. The categories included include measurements for tides, construction of coastal buildings such as tourism management, ports, reclamation, and many more.

Apart from these things, water measurements can also be used for ship navigation, or to determine the ebb and flow of waves in that water area. Currently, the Indonesian Navy has even used this technique to increase the country's maritime resilience.

3. Astronomical Surveying

Then there is astronomical surveying or what is often called astronomical measurements. This is an activity carried out to determine the position on the face of the earth by utilizing objects in the sky.

The methods used in measurements are also varied, such as apparent star magnitude, absolute, and many more. However, high expertise and precision is required so that the results obtained are accurate and can be accounted for.

Civil Engineering Measurements Based on Area of Coverage

After knowing more about soil science measurements based on elements found in nature, we can now classify them according to the extent of coverage in the area. There are various types of methods that can be used in the field. Here's

English for Civil Engineering: Basic Maths

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Basic math is nothing but the simple or basic concept related with mathematics. Generally, counting, addition, subtraction, multiplication and division are called the basic math operation. The other mathematical concepts are built on top of the above 4 operations.

Along with the concept of these operation, we need to understand the different properties of these operation as well as relation among these operations.

You may have encountered math problems in English. However, the pronunciation of these mathematical operations is definitely different from Indonesian.

Mathematical operations are defined as processes performed on numbers, including addition, subtraction, and others. The following is the pronunciation of mathematical operations in English.

On this occasion we will give you a way to read mathematical symbols in English. Wow, what does mathematics and English look like together? Hey, don't give up yet. Mathematics is not something foreign to people all over the world, so we as English language learners certainly need to know mathematical symbols. Without further ado, let's just look at the following mathematical symbols in English.

Mathematical Addition Operations

The addition operation in English is called addition. The form is the same as the form of mathematical addition in Indonesia, only the difference is in how it is read and how it is pronounced. To make it easier for you, let's look at the example below:

1+2=3

For the addition example above, there are various ways to pronounce the number operation. This method is divided into three, namely one plus two is three, one plus two equals to three, and one added by two equals to three.

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Mathematical Subtraction Operations

The reduction operation in English is called subtraction. Just like addition or addition, there are several ways you can use to say the subtraction operation in English. For greater clarity, let's look at the following example:

English for Civil Engineering: Describing Shapes

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Every day, we see various objects with different shapes. Shapes in English are called shapes. These shapes can be drawn or in the form of two dimensions or three dimensions. This two-dimensional shape is called a flat shape, while the three-dimensional shape is a space shape.

Shapes is very important because without understanding shapes, we cannot identify objects. In geometry, a shape can be defined as the form of an object or its outline, outer boundary or outer surface.

Everything we see in the world around us has a shape. We can find different basic shapes such as the two-dimensional square, rectangle, and oval or the three-dimensional rectangular prism, cylinder, and sphere in the objects we see around us. These geometric shapes appear in objects we see as credit cards, bills and coins, finger rings, photo frames, dart boards, huts, windows, magician’s wands, tall buildings, flower pots, toy trains, and balloons.

Lines

No less important to understand are the various lines in studying shapes. In general, lines only consist of two types, the first is straight lines and the second is curved or curved lines. However, for the details themselves, the lines are divided into their own sections. There are various types of lines, there are vertical lines, horizontal lines, diagonal lines, curved lines and parallel lines.

English for Civil Engineering: Building Materials

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Having your own home is everyone's dream. But, as is known, having your own home is not cheap and it takes a long time to achieve this dream. Therefore, we must pay attention to and prepare everything, including the building materials that will be used to build our dream home, whether it is a new house or one that is about to be renovated. The best quality is of course the choice so that it lasts long and is strong.

Before designing the construction of a building, it is a good idea to first know what building materials are needed. Not only natural materials are used in building construction, but also materials that come from factories. Natural building materials receive very little factory interference, for example wood and glass. Meanwhile, manufactured building materials are mostly processed in factories, for example pipes and cement. Each type has its own function.

One of the important stages in the process of building a building is choosing building materials. The building materials chosen will greatly influence the quality of the building. If you work as an architect, then you are responsible for determining the best building materials for the design you have created. If you work as a contractor, you can help provide recommendations for good and quality building materials for the project you are handling.

History of the use of building materials

Building materials have been used since 8000-6000 years BC, where remains of buildings made of mud brick were found in Eastern Europe from that era. In Indonesia, during the colonial era, the Dutch implemented the use of brick wall materials from Europe which were adapted to the climate and local wisdom of Indonesia. The development of knowledge has greatly influenced the use of building materials, which were originally unprocessed in their original form (such as bamboo, wood, leaves, soil, mud, etc.) and then processed into other forms that were considered stronger, simpler and easier to obtain.

The existence of new materials also influences the type of materials used, below are examples of changes in the use of materials from the past to the present.

• Soil is burned or dried in the sun to be used as building material.

• Before building construction using cement or the like, the usual adhesive for wall construction was stacked construction, which sometimes also used mud as an adhesive, perhaps because it could cause the pile of dried bricks to break.

• For wood connections before nails were known, the method used was with pegs and ties.

Grouping of building materials

In the world of construction, building materials are included in the facility construction sub-group among 50 construction information divisions by the Construction Specifications Institute.

Building materials according to their materials are divided into two groups:

• Organic building materials, such as wood, bamboo and others

• Building materials which are inorganic materials (except bitumen, asphalt, petroleum and so on, including organic materials)

Building materials according to their use can be classified as follows:

• Building materials for building construction

• Building materials for road construction

• Building materials for electrical and water installations

• Building materials for acoustic and thermal insulation

• Building materials for decoration and interior

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The following are 9 types of building materials for construction:

1. Bricks

We certainly already know what bricks are? Yes, brick is a type of stone made from clay that is burned until it has a distinctive reddish color. Bricks themselves function as building materials for walls. As time goes by, the use of bricks as a building material for walls is starting to decline, due to technological developments. Its popularity began to be replaced by bataringan. Bataringan itself is a building material for walls which is relatively cheaper than brick. Even so, brick remains the most commonly used building material, mainly because of its durability.

English for Civil Engineering: Introduction to Civil Engineering

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Have you guys ever thought about who are behind the construction of skyscrapers, bridges that cross oceans and roads that connect various remote areas in this country?

The buildings are the work of Civil Engineers. Yes, Civil Engineering is a branch of engineering that studies how to design, build and renovate not only buildings and infrastructure, but also the environment for the benefit of human life.

At the higher education level in Indonesia there are various study programs, one of which is Civil Engineering, there are even several vocational high schools that open this major. Talking about the Civil Engineering Department, there are many assumptions circulating in the community around us which think that Civil Engineering is the same as Civil Servants (PNS), because there is a Civil Servant at the end, of course this is an incorrect assumption. Hehee..

What is Civil Engineering Major?

Civil engineering is a field of science that studies planning, design, manufacturing and conservation to support the formation of an area. The science studied in this major generally involves applied mathematics and technology. Thus, a civil engineering graduate can understand building design and construction, taking into account aspects of the surrounding environment.

So, what are the courses that must be taken and the skills that must be mastered by someone majoring in civil engineering? Here are some names of courses that will accompany your study period: Calculus, Basic Physics, Basic Chemistry, Basics of Architecture, Introduction to Engineering and Design, Civil Construction Materials Engineering, Materials Mechanics, Soil Mechanics, Traffic Engineering, Geometric Design Roads, and much more.

If civil engineering is a major that also requires understanding of building design, then what is the difference between this field of study and architecture? Well, Architecture is a major that studies a lot about building planning to produce products that have high aesthetic value and are functional.

However, there is a slight difference between architecture and civil engineering, namely that architecture generally focuses more on design. Then, a civil engineering graduate will realize the design.

What do you study in Civil Engineering major?

In civil engineering courses, most courses study calculations, including engineering mathematics, physics, engineering mechanics, etc. Depending on the credits held at each university, the names may differ. But in essence, most mathematical calculations are the same. The main material from the Civil Engineering major is:

1. Engineering mathematics

2. Engineering mechanics/engineering mechanics

3. Structural analysis

4. steel construction

5. concrete construction

6. wooden construction

7. foundation techniques

8. Hydrology

9. and civil informatics.

10. Earthquake engineering techniques

11. Structural dynamics,

12. Construction management

13. Water structures

14. hydraulics, and many more..

What are the Job Prospects for Civil Engineering Majors?

If you want to take this study program, there is no need to worry because civil engineering has many opportunities in society. Apart from being a private employee working in the housing industry, you can also try registering with various government agencies.

Several government agencies that require civil engineering graduates are the National Planning Agency or BPN, the Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing or PUPR, as well as other state-owned companies engaged in the construction sector.

There is no need to be afraid of not getting a job after graduating because there are still many people who need services for building houses, buildings and regional infrastructure.

Not to mention, development in Indonesia still needs to be worked on so that it becomes more evenly distributed from one region to another. So, worrying about the lack of job vacancies in this field doesn't need to be on your mind anymore.

English for Civil Engineering: Bridge Construction

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As is known, the development of bridges is in line with the development of human civilization. But it is not an easy thing and requires a long process to achieve the bridge structure as it exists today. The history of bridges begins with a "cut and try" process and then developed using empirical methods along with thoughts on knowledge of the materials that make up bridges.

The thinking of ancient civilizations has been a very valuable contribution to bridge technology. Ancient humans crossed rivers by installing stone pillars, logs, or fallen trees over very short spans. Ancient humans also used tree roots or branches as suspension bridges to hang from one tree to another.

The ancient type of bridge was a simple beam bridge, and was used only for short spans. However, in this era the arch bridge type was also found, even though the shape and construction materials were still relatively simple.

Over time, the era of iron and steel bridges was in line with the industrial revolution. In this era, iron bridges were built using curved principles, especially for road bridges, but in this era cantilevers were used in their construction. In this era, bridges use a variety of steel structural components and systems: decks, girders, trusses, arches, supports and cable hangers.

Bridges as a means of transportation have an important role in the smooth movement of traffic. Where the function of a bridge is to connect transportation routes or routes that are separated by rivers, swamps, lakes, straits, canals, highways, railways and other crossings.

Apart from that, the construction of bridges, which are one of the complementary road buildings which have a very vital function and role in supporting the smooth flow of transportation, is also an important need for the community. By building bridge infrastructure, the rate of economic growth in the community will accelerate because the flow of goods in and out, both agricultural products produced and goods needed by the community that must be imported from outside the region, will be delivered more quickly.

Initially, bridges were only used to connect two separate places over a relatively short distance. As it develops, bridges can be used to connect separate places at long distances, even across the sea. With the increase in technology and supporting facilities such as computers, space is no longer an obstacle.

From an economic perspective, bridges can reduce transportation costs. And in terms of time efficiency, the existence of a bridge can shorten travel time on separate land trips so that it can improve the community's economy.

5 Common Types of Bridge Construction

1. Truss Bridge

Truss Bridge is a bridge whose construction is stronger because it uses a triangular truss frame. Even though they are not embedded in the ground, the bridge pillars are stiffer because of the triangular shape that connects one pillar to another. Apart from that, the diagonal lines on the bridge pillars also function to transfer the load to a wider area, so that the load does not gather at one point.

2. Beam Bridge

Also known as a grider bridge, this construction design is the simplest way to make a bridge. Generally, this bridge is straight horizontal, with vertical pillars as pillars to strengthen it. Usually, piles are made of steel or concrete that are driven into the ground. Beam bridge construction is commonly used to connect two areas that are relatively close. For example, areas separated by rivers.

3. Arch Bridge

Arch or what in English means arch is a bridge that is made curved like an arrow. Even though construction saves more material (it doesn't require a lot of material), in terms of durability, this design is stronger than beams or trusses.

4. Cable Stayed Bridge

Cable-stayed bridges use cables as supporting elements for the traffic floor. In cable-stayed cables, the cable is directly supported by the tower.

5. Cable-stayed Bridge

A cable-stayed bridge is a continuous girder with one or more towers installed on the bridge pillars in the middle of the span. Cable-stayed bridges have a relatively low center of mass position so that this type of bridge is very good for use in areas with an earthquake risk and is used for varying span lengths of 100 – 600 meters.

6. Suspension Bridge

Suspension Bridge means a suspension bridge. The basic structural system of a suspension bridge is in the form of a main cable that carries a suspension bridge. Bridge traffic floors are usually not connected directly to the pillars, because the principle of supporting the girder lies in the cables.

References:

https://dpupkp.slemankab.go.id/sejarah-perkembangan-jembatan.slm

https://pupr.ngawikab.go.id/pengertian-dan-jenis-konstruksi-jembatan/

The value of English to students majoring in Civil engineering

Image by: https://www.anakteknik.co.id/

English has become an international language because it is used in various parts of the world. Someone who masters English can definitely communicate with other people in various parts of the world.

Even though English is used by native speakers in countries such as the United States, Australia or England, you can also use English to communicate as a global language with foreigners in India, Turkey, China or others.

Why is English Important for Civil Engineering Students?

Engineering students are also required to learn English to improve career opportunities. In fact, these benefits were conveyed directly by Shree (2016) as follows:

1. For Communication Purposes

An engineering worker will learn a lot of theory in English. English language proficiency is very important to understand all these theories. Engineering students must of course be proficient in communicating in English because they will communicate with colleagues from various parts of the world.

In the world of work, you will also meet technology experts, scientists and business experts who have different languages and backgrounds. So, English is an important means of communication, connecting you with other workers.

2. For Professional Purposes

When in the world of work, you will meet recruiters who are looking for graduates with communication skills and technical knowledge. Additionally, having good communication skills is a valuable asset for engineering workers.

Professionals who have a good understanding of English at a higher level in a company. These workers have a higher chance of being able to work abroad, either for training or assignment reasons. English as a universal language is used in various fields of work, one of which is the engineering field.

English is also a language that can open your horizons. Most of the books are related to the latest technology, such as notes, academic papers, webinars, and also other technical communications in English.

Many translations offer technical material in several languages. English language proficiency will provide access to new knowledge, allowing engineering workers to learn further related skills. Share opinions with other people from various parts of the world using social media or solve problems related to current issues in engineering.

For communication purposes, an engineering worker should pay attention to the following: 1. Most of the theory is taught in English. For this reason, the expected level of English proficiency is very important. 2. Today's engineering workers must communicate with colleagues spread across the world. Among most professionals such as scientists, technologists and business experts who have different cultural and linguistic backgrounds, English is considered a communication language that can connect people from different backgrounds.

For professional purposes, English may be very useful. Here are some reasons: 1. In today's world, employers are looking for graduates with good communication skills, along with technical knowledge. 2. Having good communication skills is a valuable asset for engineering workers. Professionals with a good understanding of English are included in higher level standards in a company. These workers will have a greater opportunity to be sent abroad to work or to undergo training.

English is a universal language used in many fields of work including engineering. In fact, English is considered a language that can open up knowledge. Today, most technology-related books, academic papers, notes, webinars, and other technical communications are in English — although many translations provide technical material in several languages. English proficiency can ensure access to new knowledge, enabling engineering workers to learn more about their craft, share ideas with others in different parts of the world via social media, and find better solutions to the problems they are working on.

There are many ways that engineering workers can learn English. You can take English courses both online and offline. To get direct English learning, offline English courses are highly recommended, but if you want to get new things with updated knowledge, one of them is Extension which can be opened at www. extension.ucsd.edu/international-programs. Mastering English is very important and has become a necessity nowadays. It is a shame if technical workers do not have good English language skills because there will be so many missed opportunities such as learning more advanced technology and how to master it or the opportunity to work in international level companies. It's never too late to learn English, all engineering workers of all ages have the same opportunity to develop their abilities by adding English to their qualifications.

References:

https://jagobahasa.com/academic-english/belajar-bahasa-inggris-untuk-mahasiswa-teknik/

https://ft.kahuripan.ac.id/2021/06/09/pentingnya-bahasa-inggris-untuk-dikuasai-pekerja-teknik/